- A worker alleges that the following injuries occurred from a 50kg object dropping from a height of 5 meters vertically downward on his head. He was wearing a hard hat. Which of the injuries are, in fact, consistent with the facts as described by the worker?
a. Rupture of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
b. Rupture of the ligamentum flavum
c. Fracture of the lumbar facet joint(s)
d. Fracture of the cervical spine
e. Rupture of the L4-L5 (lumbar) intervertebral disc - For each of the following, answer “greater than”, “less than” or “the same”
a. Compressive strength of T12 compared to T1 vertebrae
b. Range of motion in thoracic compared to cervical vertebrae
c. Incidence of pain in L3 compared to L5 lumbar vertebrae
d. Magnitude of load carried by lumbar compared to cervical vertebrae
e. The risk of pain to a degenerated compared to traumatized vertebral motion segment.
f. The erector spinae muscle force magnitude in pushing versus pulling activities. - True or False
a. The spinal canal is in the mid-sagittal plane of the human body
b. Transverse processes are medial to the spinal canal
c. Spinous process is posterior to the vertebral body
d. The transverse and spinous processes are the major load bearing elements of the spine
e. Direct trauma is required for spine pain to occur
f. Obesity exacerbates the potential for lumbar spine pain.
g. A large muscle force (erector spinae) is required in pulling activities because the moment arm is short compared to pushing activities. - What direction of motion (or force) would cause the rupture of the following spinal ligaments (e.g. distraction, flexion, extension, compression)?
a. Anterior longitudinal ligament
b. Supraspinous ligament
c. Intertransverse ligament
d. Posterior longitudinal ligament
e. Interspinous ligament - In one vertebral motion segment (i.e. two vertebrae with associated intervertebral disc and spinal ligaments), list 10 potential sources of neural pain.
- What level of vertebral fracture is expected if a worker falls and lands on their:
a. Head
b. Shoulders
c. Buttocks - What direction of loading results in “bilateral locked facets” with associated paralysis?
- What direction of loading results in a left lateral disc bulge?
- Define the following and provide an example:
a. Creep behavior
b. Anisotropy
c. Burst fracture - List 5 different failure modes for the human spine.
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